Ask a Physicist Answers. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.physicscentral.com/experiment/askaphysicist/physics-answer.cfm?uid=20080512095617
- This website explains the physics center of mass of cars. It explains why four wheels are a lot better than three wheels since the center of mass of a four-wheel car is at the center of the car while a three-wheel car center of mass is at the back of the car. It also demonstrates why a car taking a turn is more likely to tip over and fall because when it takes a turn the center of gravity increases, higher the center of gravity the more of a chance for the vehicle to tip over. It also explains the reason the vehicle does tip over is that the ground exerts the force back sideways of the tire when it is turning because of the car tips over a little bit, this causes the tires to be pushed under the center of gravity of the vehicle. It also speaks about vehicles that are high of the ground end up being more susceptible to tipping over and vehicles with larger mass also have the same problem because these situations end up increasing the center of mass.
Evolution of the Automobile. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.idrivesafely.com/defensive-driving/trending/evolution-automobile
This article explains the history of the car and its evolution. It elaborates on the creator of the first gasoline engine car (Karl Benz the creator of the car company Mercedes Benz). In the article, it talks about the makeup of the first gasoline car, for example, it talks about the first car having 3 wheels over 4, no windshields, no round wheels and etc… In the article, it talks about the first popular and vastly available car in history the Model T created by Henery Ford( Henery Ford is the creator of the Ford company and introduced the assembly line) in 1906. It also talks about other engineers that have created vehicles that are predecessors to the gasoline cars, for example, it talks about people creating steam engine cars instead of gasoline one, wind-powered cars and other engineers ideas of cars.
Foster, C. G., & Purdy, K. W. (2018, January 18). Automobile. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/technology/automobile/History-of-the-automobile
- This article explains the history of the car and its evolution. It elaborates on the creator of the first gasoline engine car (Karl Benz the creator of the car company Mercedes Benz). In the article, it talks about the makeup of the first gasoline car, for example, it talks about the first car having 3 wheels over 4, no windshields, no round wheels and etc… In the article, it talks about the first popular and vastly available car in history the Model T created by Henery Ford( Henery Ford is the creator of the Ford company and introduced the assembly line) in 1906. It explains why the Model T in 1906 became very popular and why it was cost efficient. It talks about other vehicles and its creator and what type of innovation they made to help better the evolutions of cars.
Non-Stretching Seatbelt. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/seatb.html
- In this website, it helps explain the physics of seatbelts in cars and the reason why they are useful in saving the passengers life. It shows what seatbelts truly are, which is kinetic energy absorbers, it absorbs the kinetic energy of the driver/rider. It talks about how to calculate the amount of kinetic energy the passenger/rider would feel if their vehicle was going at set speed and make an immediate stop. It shows why the seat belt gives some distance before it stops you so you don’t feel the full force, the more distance it gives you before you stop less impact force the person would feel. It demonstrates what would happen to a person not wearing a seatbelt will experience if they were to make an immediate stop, which is they would fly out of the windshield of the car because there is nothing to absorb all the kinetic energy the passenger has.
Patterson, J. (2001, September 1). The Engineering Behind Automotive Airbags. Retrieved November 17, 2018, from https://illumin.usc.edu/the-engineering-behind-automotive-airbags/
- In this website, it helps explain the physics of airbags in cars. It talks about the reason why airbags keep the passenger safe and how it was adopted into every modern car. It talks about the invention of the Model-T car by Henery Ford and how it help introduced the airbag. It explains how the airbag actually works and how it expands very quickly and suddenly, talks about the material used and the gas that is used to inflate it (mostly nitrogen). It talks about the statistics of how many times airbags saved peoples lives and also the injuries that are caused by airbags ( for example hearing loss and bruises). It explains what is in store for airbags and the future and what will be evolved to help it save more lives, overall keep the passenger more safe by innovating it. It also urges readers that even with the airbag the seat belt helps far more than the airbag and when they work together this causes the rider to be a lot safer.
Woodford, C. (2018, June 29). How do airbags work? Retrieved November 17, 2018, from https://www.explainthatstuff.com/airbags.html
- In this website, it helps explain the physics of airbags in cars. It talks about the reason why airbags keep the passenger safe. It goes in depth on the physics of the airbag and how it stops the passenger. It talks about who invented the airbag, and why it was needed in the first place. It talks about the statistics of how many times airbags saved peoples lives and also the injuries that are caused by airbags. Talks about the effectivity of airbags in vehicles and explains why it works well with a seat belt. It speaks about the sensor chip a vehicle has for its airbag system so it can calculate when to release the airbag at whatever speed the vehicle is going, the time the airbag is released is relative to the speed of the vehicle. It also explains why the airbag deflates when the passenger hits it, this is because they do not want the passenger to bounce back and not lose any of the force it gains from its momentum.
How a Car Works. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.howacarworks.com/
- In this website, it helps explain how a car works. It goes in-depth on the idea of the engine and how it works. It also talks the different type of engines that are used and what clear advantages for using each one. It also talks about brake system and the individual parts that help the car brake easily. It also talks about the suspension system cars use, what the use is, why they are very important etc… it also explains an interesting part of a car the anti rolling bar which essential is a system that helps you to not flip over. It explains the type of steering system cars use (steering box, rack & pinion, and the power assisted steering. It talks about each of the advantages and disadvantages it purposes. Lastly it help explain what transmission does and what parts make it up. It shows diagrams of how a rear wheel drive car and front wheel drive car hav different layouts depending where the engine/gear box is at.
McDermott, T. (2018, November 20). Braking 101: The System, Physics and Science of the Motion Management. Retrieved November 25, 2018, from https://www.dsportmag.com/the-tech/braking-101-the-system-physics-and-science-of-the-motion-management/
- In this website, it helps explain how a car brake system works and why it needs to be checked through certain intervals of time so it does not become faulty when the time needs them. It explains why it is the most important part in the safety for the rider and its passenger. It shows how the car takes its total kinetic energy of the vehicle and then the brake converts most of that energy into thermal with usage of friction between the wheel, brake and road. It talks about major parts in the braking system and what should be annually checked up, some of the parts it talks about are the brake pedal, power-brake assist booster, brake lines, rotors, brake pads, master cylinder, brake line, brake fluid, etc… One main feature that must be change over time is the brake fluid because it has the possibility of getting corrupted and wore down because of the constant hot and pressurized temperature it is in.
Grabianowski, E. (2008, August 11). How Crumple Zones Work. Retrieved November 26, 2018, from https://auto.howstuffworks.com/car-driving-safety/safety-regulatory-devices/crumple-zone3.htm
- In this website, it helps explain how a car crumpling system which is one of the few hidden features that help a. person survive, this part of the car is one of the most undermined things in a vehicle that keeps the rider alive. It also explains crumple zone differs for every car, depending on the mass, dimensions, heigh, amount it can hold, speed, acceleration, etc… all play key role on how big the crumple zone is for a car. They explain that engineers create a metal frame in the crumple zone so it can collapse on itself and absorb all the kinetic energy other scientist might used particular metals that have a property that allows them to absorb the energy a lot more efficiently. The two main jobs for the crumple zone is to absorb a lot of the force so the rider and its passenger doesn’t feel it but also equal disperse the energy through out the hole system of the car.
Brain, M. (2004, April 13). How Cars Work. Retrieved from https://auto.howstuffworks.com/car.htm
- In this website, it helps explain how a car works. It goes in-depth on the idea of the engine and how it works. It also talks the different type of engines that are used and what clear advantages for using each one.It help explain what transmission does and what parts make it up. It shows diagrams of how a rear wheel drive car and front wheel drive car hav different layouts depending where the engine/gear box is at. It explained what differentials are and why they very useful when cars take sharp turns because it slightly increases one of the cars rear wheel to aid in the turn. It talks about the pros and cons of rear wheel drive, front wheel drive and all wheel drive. It talks about brake system and the individual parts that help the car brake easily. It even talks about a lot of the accessories of the car and how those parts work.
The Physics of Cars 